3 - Scanning Networks

Module 03 - Scanning Networks

What does Scanning Network mean?

Scanning a network is a crucial phase in the process of information gathering and vulnerability assessment within the field of cybersecurity. It involves actively probing a network or a system to identify open ports, services, and potential vulnerabilities. Network scanning provides valuable insights into the target's configuration and security posture and helps both security professionals and malicious actors to understand the potential attack surface.

Here are the key components and objectives of network scanning:

1. Port Scanning: Port scanning is a fundamental part of network scanning. It involves systematically checking each network port on a target system to determine which ports are open and which services are running on those ports. Open ports can be entry points for attackers, and identifying them is crucial for security assessment.

2. Service Identification: After determining which ports are open, network scanners attempt to identify the services or applications running on these ports. This information is essential because different services may have different vulnerabilities, and knowing the exact services in use helps in vulnerability assessment.

3. Operating System Detection: Some network scanning tools can also attempt to detect the operating system of the target host based on various characteristics, such as the way it responds to network requests. This information helps attackers or security professionals tailor their attack or assessment strategies.

4. Vulnerability Assessment: Once open ports, services, and the target's operating system are identified, security professionals can use this information to assess potential vulnerabilities. They may then use this data to patch or secure the system or network against known weaknesses.

5. Enumeration: Network scanning can also involve active enumeration, where attackers or security professionals gather additional information about the target network or system, such as usernames, shares, or other resources that may be exposed or accessible.

Perform Host Discovery

Netdiscover

Netdiscover is a tool used to inspect your network ARP traffic, or find network addresses using auto scan mode, which will scan for common local networks.

• netdiscover -i eth0

• netdiscover -i eth0 -P -r 192.168.1.0/24

-i : network interface (eth0)

-P : Show results

-r : Range (192.168.1.0/24)

Nmap

Scanning entire Network

• nmap -Pn -sS -A -vv <Target_IP>/<Subnet> -oA <Filename>

  • -Pn: Disable ping

  • -sS: SYN scan

  • -A: Aggressive Scan

  • -oA: Normal_XML and Grepable format all at once

  • -vv: Verbose

• nmap -sn -PR <Target IP>

  • -sn: Disable port scan

  • -PR: ARP ping scan

• nmap -sn -PU <Target IP>

  • -PU: UDP ping scan

• nmap -sn -PE <Target IP or IP Range>

  • -PE: ICMP ECHO ping scan

• nmap -sn -PP <Target IP>

  • -PP: ICMP timestamp ping scan

• nmap -sn -PM <Target IP>

  • -PM: ICMP address mask ping scan

• nmap -sn -PS <Target IP>

  • -PS: TCP SYN Ping scan

• nmap -sn -PA <Target IP>

  • -PA: TCP ACK Ping scan

• nmap -sn -PO <Target IP>

  • -PO: IP Protocol Ping scan

Convert Nmap XML file to HTML Report

xsltproc <nmap-output.xml> -o <nmap-output.html>

Angry IP Scanner

Angry IP Scanner - Download for Windows, Mac or Linux

Perform Port and Service Discovery

Ports are used to identify a single network process, to make sure the transport layer know what the destination process is.

• <IP>:<Port> pair identifies a process on a network. For example: 192.168.13.2:80

• 1024 well-known ports are used for the most common services: 0-1023. They are assigned by IANA in this registry.
• A daemon is a program that runs a service. Its configuration can be changed, so the service listening port can be changed in order to make recognition harder.

• Server-Client applications know which port to use because the TCP/UDP header contains two fields for the source/destination ports.

Common ports

Port	Service
21	FTP
22	SSH
23	Telnet
25	SMTP
80	HTTP
110	POP3
137, 138, 139	NetBIOS
143	IMAP
443	HTTPS (HTTP over SSL)
1433-1434	Microsoft Sql Server
3306	MySQL
3389	RDP (Terminal Server)

💻 Check listening ports and TCP connections on a host with the commands below:

Command	Operating System
netstat -tunp netstat -tulpn (listening ports too) ss -tnl	Linux
netstat -ano	Windows
netstat -p tcp -p udp lsof -n -i4TCP -i4UDP	*nix / Mac OS X

Linux

Windows

• TCPView tool from Microsoft Sysinternals shows detailed listings of all TCP and UDP connections.

Nmap

• nmap -sT -v <Target IP>

  • -sT: TCP connect/full open scan

  • -v: Verbose output

• nmap -sS -v <Target IP>

  • -sS: Stealth scan/TCP hall-open scan

• nmap -sX -v <Target IP>

  • -sX: Xmax scan

• nmap -sM -v <Target IP>

  • -sM: TCP Maimon scan

• nmap -sA -v <Target IP>

  • -sA: ACK flag probe scan

• nmap -sU -v <Target IP>

  • -sU: UDP scan

• nmap -sI -v <Target IP>

  • -sI: IDLE/IPID Header scan

• nmap -sY -v <Target IP>

  • -sY: SCTP INIT Scan

• nmap -sZ -v <Target IP>

  • -sZ: SCTP COOKIE ECHO Scan

• nmap -sV -v <Target IP>

  • -sV: Detect service versions

• nmap -A -v <Target IP>

  • -A: Aggressive scan

Other Nmap useful flags

• -sN: null scan

• -sC: enable script scanning

• -T: enable timing options

• -o: output options

• -O: enable OS detection

• --script: specifies a script

• -f: fragment packets

• -g or --source-port: source port manipulation

• -mtu: Maximum Transmission Unit

• -p: port(s) to scan

• -D: decoy scan

• -D RND: generates random & non-reserved IPs

• -d: increase debugging level

Hping3

hping3 --scan 1-3000 -S 10.10.10.10 --scan parameter defines the port range to scan and –S represents SYN flag.

Pinging the target using HPing3: hping3 -c 3 10.10.10.10 -c 3 means that we only want to send three packets to the target machine.

UDP Packet Crafting hping3 10.10.10.10 --udp --rand-source --data 500

TCP SYN request hping3 -S 10.10.10.10 -p 80 -c 5

-S will perform TCP SYN request on the target machine, -p will pass the traffic through which port is assigned, and -c is the count of the packets sent to the Target machine.

HPing flood hping3 10.10.10.10 --flood

Perform OS Discovery

Identify the target system's OS with Time-to-Live and TCP Win size using Wireshark

Basically ping a machine from different operating systems and capture the packets from wireshark. we can check the ICMP packets, viewing the details of IPV4 packets and check the TTL [ time to live] values.

• Open Wireshark and start capture

• Ping a target machine

• Stop capture

• Filter protocol ICMP

• Check TTL value in the Network Layer (3) details.

Operating System	Default TTL Value (in Seconds)
Windows	128
MacOS	64
Linux	64
Android/iOS	64
FreeBSD	64

OS Discovery using Nmap Script Engine (NSE)

• nmap -A -v <Target IP>

  • -A: Aggressive scan

• nmap -O -v <Target IP>

  • -O: OS discovery

• nmap –script smb-os-discovery.nse <Target IP>

  • -–script: Specify the customized script

  • smb-os-discovery.nse: Determine the OS, computer name, domain, workgroup, and current time over the SMB protocol (Port 445 or 139)

Perform Network Scanning using Various Scanning Tools

Metasploit

service postgresql start && msfconsole -q #start postgresql service and msfconsole
msfdb init #initialize msfdb
db_status #check if postgresql is connected to msf
db_nmap -Pn -sS -A -oX Test 10.10.10.0/24
hosts #display IP hosts
use scanner/smb/smb_version
show options #set RHOSTS, set THREADS 100

Scanning SMB Version for OS Detection using Metaspolit

use scanner/smb/smb_version
show options 
set RHOSTS 10.10.10.8-16 
set THREADS 100 
run  
hosts #Type hosts again and os_flavor will be visible

Additional Resources

Web Scanners

Nikto – Tutorial básico e avançado...::: ClusterWeb® - Internet Data Center :::...

Nikto Tutorial - Installation to Effective Targeting | HackerTarget.comHackerTarget.com

How to find Web Server Vulnerabilities with Nikto Scanner ?Geekflare

https://blog.sucuri.net/2015/12/using-wpscan-finding-wordpress-vulnerabilities.htmlhttps://www.hackingtutorials.org/web-application-hacking/hack-a-wordpress-website-with-wpscan/https://linuxhint.com/wpscan_wordpress_vulnerabilities_scan/blog.sucuri.net

Hack Like a Pro: How to Crack Passwords, Part 5 (Creating a Custom Wordlist with CeWL)WonderHowTo

Dirb — A web content scannerTech Zoom

Comprehensive Guide on Dirb Tool - Hacking ArticlesHacking Articles

YT videos

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=K78YOmbuT48 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SS991k5Alp0 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MtyhOrBfG-E https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sQ4TtFdaiRA https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BTGP5sZfJKY